| ID |
Shift |
Language |
Lexeme |
Meaning 1 |
Dir |
Meaning 2 |
|
| #44 |
to know how → can, to be able |
Old Tupian |
'ekatu |
to know how to |
— |
can (be permitted or enabled to) |
Open realization |
| #48 |
air → weather |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
air |
→ |
weather |
Open realization |
| #53 |
time → weather |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
time |
— |
weather |
Open realization |
| #109 |
time ↔ opportunity |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
time |
— |
opportunity |
Open realization |
| #211 |
shadow → reflection (in the mirror, water) |
Old Tupian |
'anga |
shadow |
→ |
reflection (in the mirror, water) |
Open realization |
| #226 |
wide, broad — flat (adj) |
Old Tupian |
peb |
wide (having a large physical extent from side to side) |
— |
flat (having the same height at all places) |
Open realization |
| #470 |
eye → vision |
Old Tupian |
esá |
eye |
→ |
vision; sight |
Open realization |
| #523 |
lip → edge, border |
Old Tupian |
embé |
lips |
→ |
border (outer edge of something) |
Open realization |
| #563 |
man (male) ↔ human, person |
Old Tupian |
abá |
man (male) |
— |
human, person |
Open realization |
| #582 |
to inhabit, live ↔ to be situated |
Old Tupian |
ikó |
to live, reside |
— |
to be (indicates location in space) |
Open realization |
| #599 |
tree → wood, timber |
Old Tupian |
ybyrá |
tree |
→ |
wood, timber |
Open realization |
| #699 |
paper ↔ letter (text) |
Old Tupian |
papera |
paper |
— |
letter (text) |
Open realization |
| #821 |
yellow ↔ gold |
Old Tupian |
îub / itaîuba |
yellow |
→ |
gold |
Open realization |
| #856 |
moon → month |
Old Tupian |
îasy |
moon |
→ |
(Late Tupi) month |
Open realization |
| #920 |
to be born → to happen |
Old Tupian |
'ar |
to be born |
→ |
to happen |
Open realization |
| #1007 |
sun ↔ day |
Old Tupian |
day / sun |
sun |
— |
day |
Open realization |
| #1219 |
skin (of an animal) → skin (of a person) |
Old Tupian |
pira |
skin (of an animal) |
→ |
skin (of a person) |
Open realization |
| #1457 |
bow (weapon) → rainbow |
Old Tupian |
ûyrapara / gûaîmĩ ûyrapara |
bow (weapon) |
→ |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) rainbow |
Open realization |
| #1656 |
day — weather |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
day |
— |
weather |
Open realization |
| #1664 |
blue — green |
Old Tupian |
oby |
blue |
— |
green |
Open realization |
| #1853 |
to breathe → to rest |
Old Tupian |
putu / putu'u |
breath |
→ |
to rest |
Open realization |
| #2044 |
thick (of a growth, hair) → dense, thick (of liquid) |
Old Tupian |
anama |
thickness |
→ |
density |
Open realization |
| #2047 |
big → thumb |
Old Tupian |
gûasu / pûãgûasu |
big |
→ |
thumb |
Open realization |
| #2221 |
door → cover, lid |
Old Tupian |
okena |
door |
→ |
cover, lid |
Open realization |
| #2259 |
to fall down → to be born |
Old Tupian |
'ar |
to fall down |
→ |
to be born |
Open realization |
| #2372 |
day → 24 hours |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
day |
→ |
24 hours |
Open realization |
| #2373 |
winter → year |
Old Tupian |
ro'y |
(chiefly São Vicente) winter |
→ |
(chiefly São Vicente) year |
Open realization |
| #2409 |
tooth → <weapon> |
Old Tupian |
ãîa |
tooth |
→ |
(archery) tip of a wooden arrow |
Open realization |
| #2662 |
hand/arm ↔ five |
Old Tupian |
po / ambó |
hand |
→ |
(Late Tupi) five |
Open realization |
| #2804 |
gold ↔ money |
Old Tupian |
itaîuba |
gold |
→ |
money |
Open realization |
| #2981 |
little, small → little finger |
Old Tupian |
mirĩ / pûãmirĩ |
small |
→ |
little finger |
Open realization |
| #3234 |
lavish, generous ↔ influential person |
Old Tupian |
angaturama |
generous |
← |
nobleman; superior (man of higher rank or quality) |
Open realization |
| #3256 |
winter ↔ cold |
Old Tupian |
ro'y |
winter |
← |
cold; coldness (lack of heat) |
Open realization |
| #3337 |
fat, lard → cream (of milk) |
Old Tupian |
kaba |
fat (specialized animal tissue with high lipid content) |
→ |
cream (oily part of milk) |
Open realization |
| #3600 |
meat → body |
Old Tupian |
o'o |
meat; flesh (muscle tissue of an animal) |
→ |
body |
Open realization |
| #3667 |
human, person → <ethnic group> |
Old Tupian |
abá |
human, person |
→ |
(strictly) Indigenous person |
Open realization |
| #3675 |
word → speech |
Old Tupian |
nhe'enga |
word |
→ |
speech |
Open realization |
| #3700 |
water → river |
Old Tupian |
'y |
water |
→ |
river |
Open realization |
| #3728 |
fire → hell |
Old Tupian |
ratá / anhanga ratá |
fire |
→ |
(Christianity, Late Tupi) hell |
Open realization |
| #3876 |
world — weather |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
world |
— |
weather |
Open realization |
| #3954 |
word — language |
Old Tupian |
nhe'enga |
word |
— |
language |
Open realization |
| #3980 |
water → broth |
Old Tupian |
y |
water |
→ |
broth |
Open realization |
| #3981 |
mirror → spectacles, glasses |
Old Tupian |
gûarugûá / esagûarugûá |
(Late Tupi) mirror |
→ |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) spectacles |
Open realization |
| #3986 |
sun → time |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
sun |
— |
time |
Open realization |
| #4119 |
ochre → yellow |
Old Tupian |
tagûá |
yellow earth, red earth |
→ |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) yellow |
Open realization |
| #4356 |
sun — weather |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
sun |
— |
weather |
Open realization |
| #4518 |
to point → index finger |
Old Tupian |
pobe'eng / pûãbe'engaba |
to point |
→ |
index finger |
Open realization |
| #4537 |
middle, centre → middle finger |
Old Tupian |
pytera / pûãmytera |
middle, centre |
→ |
middle finger |
Open realization |
| #4789 |
hair ↔ feather |
Old Tupian |
aba |
body hair; fur (hairy coat of various mammal species) |
— |
contour feather; plumage |
Open realization |
| #4987 |
horse → seahorse (Hippocampus) |
Old Tupian |
kabaru / pirakabaru |
horse |
→ |
(Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) sea horse |
Open realization |
| #5040 |
stem (of a plant) → handle, gripe |
Old Tupian |
'yba |
stalk (stem or main axis of a plant) |
→ |
handle; shaft (part of an object held in the hand when used or moved) |
Open realization |
| #5339 |
iron → metal |
Old Tupian |
itá |
iron |
→ |
metal |
Open realization |
| #5350 |
peccary → pig (Sus scrofa) |
Old Tupian |
taîasu |
collared peccary (Pecari tajacu); (Late Tupi, hapax legomenon) white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) |
→ |
(Late Tupi) domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) |
Open realization |
| #5355 |
door → window |
Old Tupian |
okena |
door |
— |
window |
Open realization |
| #5362 |
iron → fetters |
Old Tupian |
itá |
iron |
→ |
(Late Tupi) chains; shackles (restraint fit over a human or animal appendage) |
Open realization |
| #5395 |
paper → book (n.) |
Old Tupian |
papera |
paper |
— |
book (n.) |
Open realization |
| #5462 |
star → starfish |
Old Tupian |
îasytatá |
star |
→ |
starfish |
Open realization |
| #5684 |
onion ↔ garlic (Allium sativum) |
Old Tupian |
'ybaremusu / 'ybarema |
onion |
← |
garlic (Allium sativum) |
Open realization |
| #6114 |
fur, hair (of animals) → wool, yarn |
Old Tupian |
aba |
body hair; fur (hairy coat of various mammal species) |
→ |
wool, woolen fabric |
Open realization |
| #6178 |
cattle ↔ tapir |
Old Tupian |
tapi'ira |
cattle (Bos taurus) |
← |
tapir (Tapirus terrestris) |
Open realization |
| #6236 |
mouth → door |
Old Tupian |
oka / okena |
mouth |
→ |
door |
Open realization |
| #6283 |
son — nephew |
Old Tupian |
a'yra |
son of a man |
→ |
fraternal nephew (son of one's brother) |
Open realization |
| #6541 |
to stink → garlic (Allium sativum) |
Old Tupian |
rem / 'ybarema |
stinky |
→ |
garlic (Allium sativum) |
Open realization |
| #6660 |
blood → menstruation |
Old Tupian |
ugûy |
blood |
→ |
menstruation |
Open realization |
| #6661 |
to say → to mean |
Old Tupian |
'e |
to say |
→ |
to mean; to signify (to convey a meaning) |
Open realization |
| #6744 |
old (vs. new) — previous |
Old Tupian |
pûer |
old (vs. new) |
→ |
ex; former; then (previously but no longer) |
Open realization |
| #7206 |
tree → stick (n.) |
Old Tupian |
ybyrá |
tree |
→ |
stick (n.) |
Open realization |
| #7268 |
mother → origin |
Old Tupian |
sy |
mother |
→ |
(figurative) origin; beginning |
Open realization |
| #7268 |
mother → origin |
Old Tupian |
sy |
mother |
→ |
(figurative) origin; beginning |
Open realization |
| #7335 |
sun → dry season |
Old Tupian |
kûarasy / kûarasy 'ara |
sun |
→ |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) dry season |
Open realization |
| #7336 |
sun → summer |
Old Tupian |
kûarasy |
sun |
→ |
summer |
Open realization |
| #7404 |
stone (material) → iron |
Old Tupian |
itá |
stone (material) |
→ |
iron |
Open realization |
| #7414 |
stone (material) → metal |
Old Tupian |
itá |
stone (material) |
→ |
(Late Tupi, loosely) metal |
Open realization |
| #7466 |
weather → season (of the year) |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
weather |
→ |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) season |
Open realization |
| #7687 |
tree → plant (biol.) |
Old Tupian |
'yba |
tree |
→ |
plant (biol.) |
Open realization |
| #7724 |
day — time |
Old Tupian |
'ara |
day |
— |
time |
Open realization |
| #7757 |
noon, midday ↔ lunch, midday meal |
Old Tupian |
îandara |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) midday |
← |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) lunch, midday meal |
Open realization |
| #7904 |
textile, cloth → sail (n.) |
Old Tupian |
aoba |
textile, cloth |
→ |
sail (n.) |
Open realization |
| #7905 |
textile, cloth → clothes |
Old Tupian |
aoba |
cloth (a piece of fabric) |
→ |
clothes |
Open realization |
| #7906 |
clothes ↔ dress (feminine) |
Old Tupian |
aoba |
clothes |
— |
dress (feminine) |
Open realization |
| #8525 |
heart → abdomen |
Old Tupian |
nhy'ã |
heart |
→ |
(broadly) bowels; entrails (the internal organs) |
Open realization |
| #8707 |
human, person → somebody |
Old Tupian |
abá |
human, person |
→ |
someone |
Open realization |
| #8843 |
sky → paradise, heaven |
Old Tupian |
ybaka |
sky |
→ |
(Christianity) heaven |
Open realization |
| #8982 |
to cover — to clothe |
Old Tupian |
aob / aoba |
to cover |
→ |
clothes; clothing |
Open realization |
| #9428 |
tree → cross (n.) |
Old Tupian |
ybyrá |
tree |
→ |
(Christianity) cross |
Open realization |
| #9515 |
night — black |
Old Tupian |
putuna / pyxun |
night |
— |
black |
Open realization |
| #9546 |
yellow → blonde |
Old Tupian |
îub |
yellow |
→ |
(Late Tupi) blonde |
Open realization |
| #9833 |
shadow / reflection → soul, spirit |
Old Tupian |
'anga |
shadow, reflection |
→ |
(Late Tupi, Christianity) soul (spirit or essence of a person) |
Open realization |
| #9885 |
orange (plant) ↔ lemon |
Old Tupian |
'ybaaîa |
orange (plant) |
← |
lemon; lime |
Open realization |
| #9887 |
sour → lemon |
Old Tupian |
aî / 'ybaaîa |
sour |
→ |
(Late Tupi) lemon; lime |
Open realization |
| #10136 |
friend ↔ relative (n.) |
Old Tupian |
anama |
friend |
← |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) relative (n.) |
Open realization |
| #10182 |
rainy season ↔ winter |
Old Tupian |
amana 'ara |
rainy season |
→ |
winter |
Open realization |
| #10185 |
family → people, nation |
Old Tupian |
anama |
family; kinfolk |
→ |
people, nation; race |
Open realization |
| #10186 |
stem (of a plant) → tree |
Old Tupian |
'yba |
stalk (stem or main axis of a plant) |
→ |
tree |
Open realization |
| #10189 |
stem (of a plant) ↔ origin |
Old Tupian |
'yba |
stalk (stem or main axis of a plant) |
→ |
origin; beginning; start |
Open realization |
| #10189 |
stem (of a plant) ↔ origin |
Old Tupian |
ypy |
stalk; tree trunk |
← |
origin; beginning; start |
Open realization |
| #10190 |
stem (of a plant) → lower part |
Old Tupian |
'yba |
stalk (stem or main axis of a plant) |
→ |
bottom; lowest part of something |
Open realization |
| #10191 |
stem (of a plant) → chief, boss |
Old Tupian |
'yba |
stalk (stem or main axis of a plant) |
→ |
guide (someone who guides); leader; master; commander; (Late Tupi) conductor (person who conducts an orchestra, choir or other music ensemble) |
Open realization |
| #10192 |
thunder → god |
Old Tupian |
tupã / Tupã |
thunder |
→ |
Tupian deity, the personification of thunder; (Late Tupi, Christianity) God |
Open realization |
| #10193 |
sand ↔ beach |
Old Tupian |
ybyku'i |
sand |
→ |
(Língua Geral Amazônica, metonymic) beach |
Open realization |
| #10194 |
earth, soil → sand |
Old Tupian |
yby / ybyku'i |
earth, soil |
→ |
sand |
Open realization |
| #10195 |
fruit — head |
Old Tupian |
'a |
fruit |
— |
head |
Open realization |
| #10196 |
head → glans penis |
Old Tupian |
'a |
head |
→ |
glans penis |
Open realization |
| #10197 |
head → term of address to a man |
Old Tupian |
'a |
head |
→ |
term of address to a man |
Open realization |
| #10198 |
fire → smoke |
Old Tupian |
atá / atatinga |
fire |
→ |
smoke |
Open realization |
| #10201 |
to enter → West |
Old Tupian |
reîkeaba / kûarasy reîkeaba |
entry, place to enter |
→ |
West |
Open realization |
| #10202 |
to go out → East |
Old Tupian |
sembaba / kûarasy sembaba |
exit, place to exit |
→ |
East |
Open realization |
| #10203 |
dry season ↔ summer |
Old Tupian |
kûarasy 'ara |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) dry season |
→ |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) summer |
Open realization |
| #10206 |
to rest → Sunday |
Old Tupian |
putu'u |
rest |
→ |
(Língua Geral Amazônica) Sunday |
Open realization |
| #10207 |
book (n.) — letter (character) |
Old Tupian |
kûatiara |
book (n.) |
— |
letter (character) |
Open realization |
| #10208 |
river ↔ sea |
Old Tupian |
paranã |
river |
→ |
sea |
Open realization |
| #10210 |
jaguar → dog |
Old Tupian |
îagûara |
jaguar |
→ |
(Late Tupi) dog |
Open realization |
| #10211 |
middle finger → ring finger |
Old Tupian |
pûãmytera / pûãmyterybyrixûara |
middle finger |
→ |
ring finger |
Open realization |
| #10214 |
hand → ten |
Old Tupian |
pó / opakombó |
hand |
→ |
ten |
Open realization |
| #10215 |
to shout → to get angry |
Old Tupian |
sapukaî |
to shout, scream |
→ |
to become angry |
Open realization |
| #10216 |
moon → star |
Old Tupian |
îasy / îasytatá |
moon |
→ |
star |
Open realization |
| #10221 |
shadow / reflection → echo |
Old Tupian |
'anga |
shadow, reflection |
→ |
echo |
Open realization |
| #10225 |
to come, arrive → to find |
Old Tupian |
gûasem |
to arrive by land |
→ |
to find |
Open realization |
| #10431 |
that ↔ third-person singular |
Old Tupian |
a'e |
(nonvisible) that; those |
→ |
he, she, it |
Open realization |